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Although human rights challenges are many and numerous, attention of stakeholders and the media over recent years have concentrated on various forms of abuses that are commonly found deep down the supply chains of many companies. The situation of abuses in primary industries and often difficult to access locations makes it difficult for the private sector to use traditional auditing techniques to tackle such risks. The challenges are nevertheless serious and have a clear reputational impact for large brands but also impact on the security of a value chain when discovered by regulatory authorities or uncovered by the media. There are therefore very good reasons why companies should engage with such issues, including protecting their brand and reputation and ensuring the efficiency and competitiveness of their value chains. 2.1 Modern day slaver y Modern day slavery is a form of labour that is often carefully concealed, the root causes of which revolve around poverty, discrimination, and the marginalisation of certain people and their situations that corner them in various degrees of vulnerability. Definitions of modern-day slavery are mainly taken from the 1956 UN supplementary convention, which states that “debt bondage, serfdom, forced marriage and the delivery of a child for the exploitation of that child are all slavery- like practices and require criminalisation and abolishment”. As contemporary systems of slavery have evolved, new definitions have developed, some of which include:
Human trafficking Human trafficking represents the recruitment, transport, receipt and harbouring of people for the purpose of exploiting their labour. Human trafficking is a market- driven criminal industry that is based on the principles of supply and demand. Human trafficking is often fueled by labour shortages and a demand for cheap labour. The illicit crime of human trafficking affects almost all parts of the world and generates an estimated $150 billion in revenue every year. To take the serious challenge of stopping human trafficking itself, and not just the private sector’s association with it, the private sector must contribute more than thorough diligence. It has the resources, manpower, and global outreach to contribute to the cause of upholding human rights. It can promote codes of conduct in an effort to enhance the ways in which they can be found lacking now. Companies can avoid the risk of human trafficking by taking steps to make it harder for traffickers to traffic people using their products, premises or services and by helping raise awareness of the problem. Businesses can sign and promote the Athens Declaration covering human trafficking. The seven point plan commits organisations to: • Explicitly demonstrate the position of zero tolerance towards trafficking in human beings, especially women and children for sexual exploitation. • Contribute to prevention of trafficking in human beings including awareness raising campaigns and education. • Develop a corporate strategy for an anti-trafficking policy which will permeate all activities.
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